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Diabetes complications, which ones you know

 

Chronic complications


In terms of chronic complications, it can be divided into two types: macrovascular disease and small vascular disease.



Macroangiopathy


Diabetic patients not only have high blood sugar, but also increase triglycerides and low-density cholesterol (LDL-C). These substances may cause atherosclerosis of blood vessels. At this time, blood vessels are prone to embolism and pathological changes, thus increasing the risk of stroke, hypertension, or myocardial infarction.


Macrovascular disease is also easy to cause a series of foot diseases. If the blood flow into the foot is reduced, the patient will find that the foot pulse is weakened and the temperature is reduced. In addition, the wound in the foot is not easy to heal and is prone to infection.


Patients with foot ulcers due to long-term foot ischemia or bacterial infection face amputation.



Small vessel disease


Small vessel disease refers to microvascular damage due to diabetes, the common lesions are the eye, kidney, and nervous system.



Neuropathy


Because the blood will carry oxygen, when microvascular lesions, blood flow reduction, nerve will also occur hypoxia, according to the type of nerve, there are various symptoms.


Sensory nerve: numbness of hands and feet, dull sense of touch and cold and heat, and poor sense of balance


Autonomic nerve: dry skin, abnormal sweating, weak urination and even incontinence, sexual dysfunction


Motor nerve: finger, toe flexibility decreased, muscle weakness, atrophy



Retinopathy


The retina is covered with microvessels. Once these microvessels are damaged due to diabetes, patients are prone to feel tired, itchy eyes, blurred vision, and may be blind or suffer from glaucoma, cataract and other eye diseases.



Renal disease


Hyperglycemia may also make renal microvascular sclerosis, not only damage the renal function, but also lead to renal failure and uremia. If the patients find that the urine protein excretion rate increases, it is likely that the kidney disease caused by diabetes mellitus.



Oral diseases


When the blood circulation is not good, the immunity of human body will be reduced, and the saliva secretion will also be reduced, resulting in the increase of oral bacteria, and even lead to periodontal disease.


Serious periodontal disease may also increase the body's resistance to insulin, which makes it difficult to control blood glucose, aggravate the vascular disease caused by diabetes, and the two diseases form a vicious circle.



Acute complications


After suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes mellitus, if the blood sugar is not well controlled, hyperglycemia may occur. Although the primary goal of controlling diabetes is to reduce blood sugar, but if you drop too much during the treatment (such as excessive use of insulin, failure to eat on time, etc.), hypoglycemia will occur.



Hyperglycemia


Ketoacidemia


Patients with dehydration, dry skin, abdominal discomfort, unconsciousness and other symptoms, 24 to 48 hours if not sent to hospital, will be life-threatening. Often occurs in type 1 or type 2 diabetes patients with poor glycemic control, the disease is commonly known as "ketoacidosis.".



Hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity


When the blood glucose, blood concentration and osmotic pressure gradually increase, patients will have dehydration, unconsciousness, and even may cause acute renal failure, mainly in patients with type 2 diabetes.



Hypoglycemia


When hypoglycemia occurs, patients will have symptoms such as dizziness, palpitation, shaking, nausea, sweating, etc., and even become unconscious, shock, become vegetative or even die when they are serious.

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